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6 Developments in Child Protection Jim Ennis Introduction During the second half of the twentieth century, most countries in western Europe and North America experienced growing policy and public awareness of child abuse, often accompanied by major criticisms of the responses by public agencies, which have come to be known . . . Read more
5 Child Protection and the ‘Juvenile Secure Estate’ in England and Wales: Controversies, Complexities and Concerns Barry Goldson Introduction This chapter engages with the difficult and contested question of child protection within locked institutions. The primary objective is to illuminate some of the key intersecting controversies, complexities and concerns that . . . Read more
Women at Work The extent of women’s direct involvement in Roman economic life is hard to determine. Women sui iuris could own property and were free to administer it themselves, subject only to tutorial consent for certain transactions, and in fact women appear frequently in papyri and in the Herculaneum . . . Read more
Slaves and Freedwomen Although the Romans are attested as possessing slaves from an early period, slave-ownership on a large scale seems to have developed only with the expansion of Roman power, from about the latter half of the third century B.C.Slaves became an integral part of Roman society, and this . . . Read more
Inheritance and Bequest The law of inheritance is one of the most elaborate and complicated areas of Roman law. This chapter will aim to do little more than set out the main principles on which the system operated, with the most important changes that occurred during the classical period of . . . Read more
Children Roman family law was originally created for a society in which marriage was almost always accompanied by the entry of the wife into manus, divorce was very rare, and women had little or no control over the testamentary disposal of their property. In consequence, the law had little to . . . Read more
Marriage In a society with an advanced level of agriculture, an economy capable of producing, at certain levels, a significant surplus, and a clearly defined hierarchical social order, one should expect to find that the arrangements for marriage, as for transmission of property by inheritance, show a concern to maintain . . . Read more
Divorce Divorce in the classical period was easy.1 As marriage was based on consent, so the will of either of the consenting parties in free marriage to renounce it sufficed. As we have seen, until Marcus Aurelius, ‘consenting party’ included the pater. From the point of view of the man, . . . Read more
Some Effects of Marriage A woman married with manus was effectively in the position of an adopted daughter in relation to the pater of the familia. She had no legal independence and no independent property. A wife in a free marriage was legally independent of her husband (although possibly still . . . Read more
Dowry The provision of dowry was basically a contribution, customary though not compulsory, from the wife’s family to the expenses of the household of the husband. It was also one of the mechanisms by which Roman families, like those in many other pre-industrial societies, maintained their social status relative to . . . Read more